Differential transcription of mating-type genes during sexual reproduction of natural Cordyceps sinensis / 中国中药杂志

Natural Cordyceps sinensis as an insect-fungal complex, which is developed after Ophiocordyceps sinensis infects a larva of Hepialidae family. Seventeen genotypes of O. sinensis have been identified in natural C. sinensis. This paper summarized the literature reports and GenBank database regarding occurrence and transcription of the mating-type genes of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs in natural C. sinensis, in Hirsutella sinensis(GC-biased Genotype #1 of O. sinensis), to infer the mating pattern of O. sinensis in the lifecycle of natural C. sinensis. The mating-type genes and transcripts of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs were identified in the metagenomes and metatranscriptomes of natural C. sinensis. However, their fungal sources are unclear because of co-colonization of several genotypes of O. sinensis and multiple fungal species in natural C. sinensis. The mating-type genes of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs were differentially present in 237 H. sinensis strains, constituting the genetic control of the O. sinensis reproduction. Transcriptional control of the O. sinensis reproduction includes: differential transcription or silencing of the mating-type genes of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs, and the MAT1-2-1 transcript with unspliced intron I that contains 3 stop codons. Research on the H. sinensis transcriptome demonstrated differential and complementary transcriptions of the mating-type genes of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs in Strains L0106 and 1229, which may become mating partners to accomplish physiological heterothallism. The differential occurrence and transcription of the mating-type genes in H. sinensis are inconsistent with the self-fertilization hypothesis under homothallism or pseudohomothallism, but instead indicate the need of mating partners of the same H. sinensis species, either monoecious or dioecious, for physiological heterothallism, or heterospecific species for hybridization. Multiple GC-and AT-biased genotypes of O. sinensis were identified in the stroma, stromal fertile portion(densely covered with numerous ascocarps) and ascospores of natural C. sinensis. It needs to be further explored if the genome-independent O. sinensis genotypes could become mating partners to accomplish sexual reproduction. S. hepiali Strain FENG experienced differential transcription of the mating-type genes with a pattern complementary to that of H. sinensis Strain L0106. Additional evidence is needed to explore a hybridization possibility between S. hepiali and H. sinensis, whether they are able to break the interspecific reproductive isolation. Genotypes #13～14 of O. sinensis feature large DNA segment reciprocal substitutions and genetic material recombination between 2 heterospecific parental fungi, H. sinensis and an AB067719-type fungus, indicating a possibility of hybridization or parasexuality. Our analysis provides important information at the genetic and transcriptional levels regarding the mating-type gene expression and reproduction physiology of O. sinensis in the sexual life of natural C. sinensis and offers crucial reproductive physiology evidence, to assist in the design of the artificial cultivation of C. sinensis to supplement the increasing scarcity of natural resource.

Ameliorative effects of morel mushroom (Morchella esculenta) against Cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats / Efeitos benéficos do cogumelo morel (Morchella esculenta) contra a toxicidade reprodutiva induzida por cádmio em ratos machos adultos

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major toxicants, which affects human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effects of morel mushrooms against Cd-induced reproductive damages in rats. For this purpose, 30 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=5/group), the first group served as the control group, second group was treated with an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 1 mg/kg/day of Cd. Third and fourth groups were co-treated with 1 mg/kg/day of Cd (i.p) and 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract (orally) respectively. The final 2 groups received oral gavage of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract alone. After treatment for 17 days, the animals were euthanized, and testes and epididymis were dissected out. One testis and epididymis of each animal were processed for histology, while the other testis and epididymis were used for daily sperm production (DSP) and comet assay. Our results showed that Cd and morel mushrooms have no effect on animal weight, but Cd significantly decreases the DSP count and damages the heritable DNA which is reversed in co-treatment groups. Similarly, the histopathological results of testes and epididymis show that morel mushrooms control the damage to these tissues. Whereas the morel mushroom extract alone could enhance the production of testosterone. These results conclude that morel mushrooms not only control the damage done by Cd, but it could also be used as a protection mechanism for heritable DNA damage.

O cádmio (Cd) é um dos principais tóxicos, que afeta a saúde humana por meio da exposição ocupacional e ambiental. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos protetores dos cogumelos morel contra os danos reprodutivos induzidos pelo Cd em ratos. Para tanto, 30 ratos machos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 5 / grupo); o primeiro grupo serviu de controle, o segundo grupo foi tratado com injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd. O terceiro e o quarto grupos foram cotratados com 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd (i.p) e 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel (por via oral), respectivamente. Os dois grupos finais receberam gavagem oral de 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho. Após o tratamento por 17 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os testículos e o epidídimo foram dissecados. Um testículo e epidídimo de cada animal foram processados para histologia, enquanto o outro testículo e epidídimo foram usados para produção diária de esperma (DSP) e ensaio cometa. Nossos resultados mostraram que os cogumelos Cd e morel não têm efeito sobre o peso do animal, mas o Cd diminui significativamente a contagem de DSP e danifica o DNA hereditário, que é revertido em grupos de cotratamento. Da mesma forma, os resultados histopatológicos dos testículos e do epidídimo mostram que os cogumelos morel controlam os danos a esses tecidos. Considerando que o extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho pode aumentar a produção de testosterona. Esses resultados concluem que os cogumelos morel não apenas controlam os danos causados pelo Cd, mas também podem ser usados como um mecanismo de proteção para danos hereditários ao DNA.

Transcriptome analysis of female and male flower buds of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels

Background: Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels, a dioecious plant, is widely used for biodiesel due to the high oil content of its fruits. However, it is hard to distinguish its sex in the seedling stage, which makes breeding and production problematic as only the female tree can produce fruits, and the mechanisms underlying sex determination and differentiation remain unknown due to the lack of available genomic and transcriptomic information. To begin addressing this issue, we performed the transcriptome analysis of its female and male flower. Results: 28,668,977 and 22,227,992 clean reads were obtained from the female and male cDNA libraries, respectively. After quality checks and de novo assembly, a total of 84,213 unigenes with an average length of 1179 bp were generated and 65,972 unigenes (78.34%) could be matched in at least one of the NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, COG, KEGG and GO databases. Functional annotation of the unigenes uncovered diverse biological functions and processes, including reproduction and developmental process, which may play roles in sex determination and differentiation. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed many unigenes annotated as metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways, plant­ pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction. Moreover, 29,953 simple sequence repeats were identified using the microsatellite software. Conclusion: This work provides the first detailed transcriptome analysis of female and male flower of I. polycarpa and lays foundations for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying flower bud development of I. polycarpa.

Productive response of hair ewes crossed with Damara and Dorper and growth of their lambs / Resposta produtiva de ovelhas de cabelo cruzado com Damara e Dorper e crescimento de seus cordeiros

Profitability of sheep production depends on the reproductive response of ewes and growth of their lambs, which can be improved through the ram genotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive response of Blackbelly (Bb), Pelibuey (Pb), Katahdin (Kat) and Dorper (Dor) ewes crossed with Damara (Dam) and Dor rams and the growth of their offspring. To measure percentage of single and multiple lambings (MLP), 234 Bb, Pb, Kat and Dor ewes were used. To measure lamb growth, the offspring of 86 Bb x Pb (BbPb) ewes and 73 Kat x Dor (KatDOR) ewes were used. Four Dor x BbPb, six Dam x BbPb and six Dam x KatDor lambs were slaughtered for carcass assessment. MLP was analyzed with the CATMOD procedure considering the factors age and breed. Lamb growth data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure, and those of carcass characteristics with the GLM procedure of SAS, using weight at slaughter as covariable. MLP was higher (P0.05) by effect of ram breed. It is concluded that Bb ewes are more prolific than Dor ewes; male lambs of Dam rams had post-weaning growth response and carcass yield similar to those of Dor rams, although the female lambs of Dor rams were heavier than those of Dam rams.

Rentabilidade da produção de ovinos depende da resposta reprodutiva de ovelhas e do crescimento de seus cordeiros, o que pode ser melhorado por meio do genótipo masculino. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de ovinos Blackbelly (Bb), Pelibuey (Pb), Katadin (Kat) e Dorper (Dor) e o crescimento de cordeiros com carneiros Damara (Dam) e Dor. Para medir a porcentagem de partos simples e múltiplas (MLP), foram utilizados 234 ovelhas Bb, PB, Kat e Dor. Para medir o crescimento dos cordeiros, foram utilizadas 86 ovelhas Bb x Pb (BbPb) e 73 Kat x Dor (KatDOR). Quatro cordeiros Dor x BbPb, seis Dam x BbPb e seis Dam x KatDor foram sacrificados para avaliação de carcaça. MLP foi analisada com o procedimento CATMOD, considerando-se fatores como idade e raça. Dados de crescimento do cordeiro foram analisados com o procedimento MIXED, e as de características de carcaça com o procedimento GLM do SAS, utilizando-se peso ao sacrifício como covariável. MLP foi maior (P<0.05) em Bb do que em Dor. Os cordeiros Dor x BbPb foram mais pesados (P<0.05) no nascimento do que Dam x BbPb. Em partos simples e múltiplos, os cordeiros de ovelhas KatDor foram mais pesados (P<0.05) no momento do nascimento de cordeiros BbPb. As cordeiras de carneiros Dor apresentaram maior (P<0.05) ganho de peso após o desmame do que as de carneiros Dam. O rendimento de carcaça, a espessura da gordura subcutânea e o rendimento de corte primal não foram diferentes por efeito da raça de carneiro. Conclui-se que as ovelhas Bb são mais prolíficas do que as ovelhas Dor; cordeiros de carneiros Damara tiveram resposta de crescimento pós-desmame e rendimento de carcaça semelhantes aos dos carneiros Dor, embora Dorper cordeiras fossem mais pesadas do que as de Damara.

Productive response of hair ewes crossed with Damara and Dorper and growth of their lambs / Resposta produtiva de ovelhas de cabelo cruzado com Damara e Dorper e crescimento de seus cordeiros

Profitability of sheep production depends on the reproductive response of ewes and growth of their lambs, which can be improved through the ram genotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive response of Blackbelly (Bb), Pelibuey (Pb), Katahdin (Kat) and Dorper (Dor) ewes crossed with Damara (Dam) and Dor rams and the growth of their offspring. To measure percentage of single and multiple lambings (MLP), 234 Bb, Pb, Kat and Dor ewes were used. To measure lamb growth, the offspring of 86 Bb x Pb (BbPb) ewes and 73 Kat x Dor (KatDOR) ewes were used. Four Dor x BbPb, six Dam x BbPb and six Dam x KatDor lambs were slaughtered for carcass assessment. MLP was analyzed with the CATMOD procedure considering the factors age and breed. Lamb growth data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure, and those of carcass characteristics with the GLM procedure of SAS, using weight at slaughter as covariable. MLP was higher (P<0.05) in Bb than in Dor. The Dor x BbPb lambs were heavier (P<0.05) at birth than Dam x BbPb. Of the lambs from single and multiple births, the KatDor lambs were heavier (P<0.05) at birth than BbPb lambs. The female lambs of Dor rams had higher (P<0.05) weight gain after weaning than those of Dam rams. Carcass dressing, subcutaneous fat, and primal cut yield were not different (P>0.05) by effect of ram breed. It is concluded that Bb ewes are more prolific than Dor ewes; male lambs of Dam rams had post-weaning growth response and carcass yield similar to those of Dor rams, although the female lambs of Dor rams were heavier than those of Dam rams.(AU)

Rentabilidade da produção de ovinos depende da resposta reprodutiva de ovelhas e do crescimento de seus cordeiros, o que pode ser melhorado por meio do genótipo masculino. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de ovinos Blackbelly (Bb), Pelibuey (Pb), Katadin (Kat) e Dorper (Dor) e o crescimento de cordeiros com carneiros Damara (Dam) e Dor. Para medir a porcentagem de partos simples e múltiplas (MLP), foram utilizados 234 ovelhas Bb, PB, Kat e Dor. Para medir o crescimento dos cordeiros, foram utilizadas 86 ovelhas Bb x Pb (BbPb) e 73 Kat x Dor (KatDOR). Quatro cordeiros Dor x BbPb, seis Dam x BbPb e seis Dam x KatDor foram sacrificados para avaliação de carcaça. MLP foi analisada com o procedimento CATMOD, considerando-se fatores como idade e raça. Dados de crescimento do cordeiro foram analisados com o procedimento MIXED, e as de características de carcaça com o procedimento GLM do SAS, utilizando-se peso ao sacrifício como covariável. MLP foi maior (P<0.05) em Bb do que em Dor. Os cordeiros Dor x BbPb foram mais pesados (P<0.05) no nascimento do que Dam x BbPb. Em partos simples e múltiplos, os cordeiros de ovelhas KatDor foram mais pesados (P<0.05) no momento do nascimento de cordeiros BbPb. As cordeiras de carneiros Dor apresentaram maior (P<0.05) ganho de peso após o desmame do que as de carneiros Dam. O rendimento de carcaça, a espessura da gordura subcutânea e o rendimento de corte primal não foram diferentes por efeito da raça de carneiro. Conclui-se que as ovelhas Bb são mais prolíficas do que as ovelhas Dor; cordeiros de carneiros Damara tiveram resposta de crescimento pós-desmame e rendimento de carcaça semelhantes aos dos carneiros Dor, embora Dorper cordeiras fossem mais pesadas do que as de Damara.(AU)

Genetic parameters in female reproductive traits of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

ABSTRACT Genetic parameters for reproductive traits in female Nile tilapia were estimated in this study using Bayesian inference method. The data set presented information from 451 Nile tilapia females that were evaluated at two different places in Maringá - Paraná - Brazil (hapas of 1 and 10 m³) and at one location in Alfenas - Minas Gerais - Brazil. A spawning examination was conducted once a week from October 2012 to March 2013 for a total of 23 weeks of evaluation. Single-trait analyses for spawning success, multiple spawning, spawning frequency, and volume of eggs/female were performed by using the software MTGSAM Threshold. The heritability estimates were 0.14, 0.16, 0.53, and 0.08 for spawning success, multiple spawning, spawning frequency and volume of eggs/female, respectively, indicating it is possible to achieve a substantial genetic gain using these reproductive traits as selection criteria.

Effect of month of conception on fertility of mares inseminated with jackass semen / Influência do mês da concepção sobre a eficiência reprodutiva de éguas inseminadas com sêmen asinino

Fertility obtained by cross-breeding mares (Equus caballus) with jackasses (Equus asinus) was evaluated. Two extenders, containing skim milk-glucose or egg yolk-glycine were used to study the fertility of mares inseminated with diluted jackass semen (T1 and T2) or diluted and cooled semen at 5°C for 12 hours (T3 and T4). A total of 272 cycles of 208 mares of undefined breeds were evaluated, being uniformly distributed between groups. The cycles were controlled by transrectal palpation and teasing, and mares were inseminated every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (three times/week), from the detection of a follicle with 3.0 to 3.5cm diameter in one of the ovaries until ovulation. Pregnancy was detected using transrectal palpation, teasing and ultrasound exams every 14 days. The extenders had no effect on fertility (P>0.05). Pregnancy rates for the first cycle were 64.52%, 61.11%, 50.72% and 54.17% and pregnancy rates/cycle were 63.64%, 54.55%, 52.69% and 47.06%, respectively, for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Differences in pregnancy loss rates between groups and effect of month of conception on fertility were found. Pregnancy loss rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in January (38.46%) and in February and March (52.38%), with an average of 33.09%. The results indicate that mares conceiving at the end of the physiological reproduction time, carrying a mule embryo, are more susceptible to pregnancy loss.

Avaliou-se a eficiência reprodutiva de cruzamentos interespécies entre fêmeas equinas e reprodutores asininos da raça Pêga. Para tal, estudou-se o efeito de dois diluidores, à base de leite em pó desnatado-glicose ou glicina-gema de ovo, sobre a fertilidade de éguas inseminadas com sêmen fresco diluído (T1 e T2) ou diluído e resfriado a 5°C por 12 horas (T3 e T4). Foram utilizados 272 ciclos de 208 éguas mestiças, distribuídas uniformemente entre os tratamentos, após agrupamento por idade e categoria reprodutiva. Os ciclos foram acompanhados por palpação retal e rufiação, sendo as inseminações realizadas às terças, quintas e aos sábados (três vezes por semana), a partir da detecção de um folículo de 3,0 a 3,5cm de diâmetro, em um dos ovários, até a ovulação. As gestações foram acompanhadas por palpação transretal, rufiação e por ultrassonografia, realizada a cada 14 dias. As taxas de gestação obtidas, ao primeiro ciclo, não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, sendo de 64,52% para T1, 61,11% para T2, 50,72% para T3 e 54,17% para T4. Da mesma maneira, as taxas de gestação por ciclo também não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos, com valores de 63,64%, 54,55%, 52,69% e 47,06% para T1, T2, T3, e T4, respectivamente. No que diz respeito às taxas de perdas gestacionais, obtidas por meio das taxas de perdas e de perdas ajustadas, houve influência (P<0,05) dos tratamentos. Observou-se, ainda, efeito do mês da concepção, com taxas de perda superiores para os meses de janeiro (38,46%) e de fevereiro e março (52,38%), sendo a média de 33,09%. Sugere-se que a redução dos padrões de secreção do LH, ao final da estação de monta, responda pelas maiores taxas de perdas gestacionais do cruzamento interespécie, notadamente naquelas éguas que conceberam no final da estação de monta fisiológica dos equinos.

Maternal periodontitis induces intergenerational injuries on reproductive performance of adult female rat offspring / Periodontite materna induz prejuízos transgeracionais no desempenho reprodutivo da prole feminina na idade adulta

Substantial evidence suggests a direct link between periodontitis in pregnant women and subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, no studies have evaluated the transgenerational effects of periodontitis on the reproductive performance of subsequent generations. The present study investigated whether maternal periodontal disease exerts deleterious transgenerational effects on reproductive performance in F1 female rats. Rat female offspring from mothers that were subjected to experimentally induced periodontitis or sham operation were mated with sexually experienced male rats. The weight and reproductive performance of these F1 offspring were evaluated on gestation day 21, including maternal weight, litter weight, individual pup weight, number of pups, and number of resorptions. The percentage of dams with resorptions and the litter weight/number of pups were also calculated. Compared with the control group, an increase was observed in the percentage and number of resorptions and litter weight/number of pups, and a decrease was observed in the number of pups born in the experimental group. Maternal weight, litter weight, and individual pup weight were not different between the control and experimental groups. Maternal periodontitis impaired reproductive performance in the F1 generation. We showed that periodontitis may induce reproductive injury in adult offspring even if the offspring do not undergo any inflammatory/infectious process during their postnatal life or during gestation. These findings reinforce the importance of oral care during pregnancy.(AU)

Existem evidências substanciais de uma relação direta entre periodontite em mulheres grávidas com efeitos adversos reprodutivos. No entanto, nenhum estudo avaliou os efeitos intergeracionais da periodontite sobre o desempenho reprodutivo das gerações subsequentes. O presente estudo investigou se a doença periodontal materna exerce efeitos intergeracionais deletérios sobre o desempenho reprodutivo em ratos fêmeas da geração F1. Assim, filhas de ratas cujas mães foram submetidas a periodontite experimental ou falsamente operadas foram acasaladas com ratos machos sexualmente experientes. O peso corporal e desempenho reprodutivo da geração F1 foram avaliados no dia 21 de gestação, incluindo o peso materno, peso da ninhada, peso da individual dos filhotes, número de filhotes e de reabsorções. A percentagem de fêmeas com reabsorção e o peso da ninhada/número de filhotes também foram calculados. Comparados com o grupo controle, observou-se aumento na porcentagem e número de reabsorções e no peso da ninhada/ número de filhotes, e decréscimo no número de filhotes nascidos no grupo experimental. O peso materno, peso da ninhada e individual dos filhotes não foi diferente entre o controle e experimental. Estes resultados mostram que a periodontite experimental materna prejudica o desempenho reprodutivo da geração F1, mesmo que estes animais não tenham sido expostos diretamente a um processo inflamatório.(AU)

Relationship between Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Electrocardiographic Ischemia Grade in STEMI / Associação entre a Relação Neutrófilos/Linfócitos e o Grau de Isquemia Eletrocardiográfica no IAMEST

Background: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been found to be a good predictor of future adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Changes in the QRS terminal portion have also been associated with adverse outcomes following STEMI. Objective: To investigate the relationship between ECG ischemia grade and NLR in patients presenting with STEMI, in order to determine additional conventional risk factors for early risk stratification. Methods: Patients with STEMI were investigated. The grade of ischemia was analyzed from the ECG performed on admission. White blood cells and subtypes were measured as part of the automated complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Patients were classified into two groups according to the ischemia grade presented on the admission ECG, as grade 2 ischemia (G2I) and grade 3 ischemia (G3I). Results: Patients with G3I had significantly lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction than those in G2I (44.58 ± 7.23 vs. 48.44 ± 7.61, p = 0.001). As expected, in-hospital mortality rate increased proportionally with the increase in ischemia grade (p = 0.036). There were significant differences in percentage of lymphocytes (p = 0.010) and percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.004), and therefore, NLR was significantly different between G2I and G3I patients (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only NLR was the independent variable with a significant effect on ECG ischemia grade (odds ratio = 1.254, 95% confidence interval 1.120–1.403, p < 0.001). Conclusion: We found an association between G3I and elevated NLR in patients with STEMI. We believe that such an association might provide an additional prognostic value for risk stratification in patients with STEMI when combined with standardized risk scores. .

Fundamento: A relação neutrófilos/linfócitos (N/L) tem sido descrita como boa preditora de eventos cardiovasculares adversos futuros em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (IAMEST). Mudanças na porção terminal do complexo QRS também têm sido associadas a eventos adversos após IAMEST. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre o grau de isquemia no ECG e a relação N/L em pacientes com IAMEST para determinar fatores de risco convencionais adicionais na estratificação precoce de risco. Métodos: Pacientes com IAMEST foram investigados. O grau de isquemia foi analisado a partir do ECG obtido à admissão. A contagem de leucócitos e seus subtipos foi realizada a partir de hemograma automatizado. De acordo com o grau de isquemia presente no ECG de admissão, os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, isquemia grau 2 (IG2) e isquemia grau 3 (IG3). Resultados: Pacientes com IG3 apresentaram valores médios significativamente menores de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo do que os pacientes com IG2 (44,58 ± 7,23 versus 48,44 ± 7,61; p = 0,001). Como esperado, a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar aumentou proporcionalmente com o aumento no grau de isquemia (p = 0,036). Houve diferenças significativas nas porcentagens de linfócitos (p = 0,010) e de neutrófilos (p = 0,004) e, portanto, a relação N/L diferiu significativamente entre pacientes com IG2 e IG3 (p < 0,001). À análise de regressão logística multivariada, apenas a relação N/L emergiu como variável independente com efeito significativo sobre o grau de isquemia no ECG (odds ratio = 1,254; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,120-1,403; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Nós encontramos uma associação entre IG3 e relação N/L aumentada em pacientes com IAMEST. Acreditamos que esta associação possa oferecer um valor prognóstico adicional para estratificação de risco em pacientes com IAMEST quando usado em combinação com escores de risco padronizados. .

Effect of clonal reproduction on genetic structure in Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) / Efecto de la reproducción clonal en la estructura genética de Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae)

The existence of monodominant forests on well-drained soils in tropical regions has been widely reported. Such forests most likely result from a combination of both ecological and evolutionary factors. Under conditions of high seed and seedling mortality, vegetative reproduction could create a reproductive advantage leading to forest dominance, and profoundly affect the distribution of genetic variation in a clonal species. We investigated these effects in a low diversity forest site in Northeastern Costa Rica dominated by the species Pentaclethra macroloba, which sprouts from the root mass of fallen trees and from snapped trunks. We examined the population structure of juvenile P. macroloba growing in different soil types and across an elevational gradient. Using seven molecular markers, we genotyped 173 juvenile P. macroloba from 18 plots (six plots in seasonally inundated swamps, and 12 plots in upland non-swamp) spanning 50-300m in elevation at La Selva Biological Station and the adjacent Reserva Ecológica Bijagual in Northeastern Costa Rica. We answered two specific questions: (1) How extensive is clonal reproduction? and (2) what is the distribution of genetic diversity and structure?. We found that clonal reproduction occurred exclusively within inundated swamp areas. However, there was no significant difference between genetic diversity measures in swamp and non-swamp plots, which were both generally low when compared with other tropical forest species. Genetic structure was significant across all plots (F ST=0.109). However, genetic structure among swamp plots (F ST=0.128) was higher than among non-swamp upland plots (F ST=0.093). Additionally, spatial autocorrelation among individuals within non-swamp upland plots was significant from the 25 to 100m spatial scale, but not within swamp plots. The degree of overall genetic structure we found in P. macroloba is high for a tropical forest tree. The incidence of clonal reproduction is a contributing factor in genetic differentiation, but the high structure among plots without clonal reproduction indicates that other factors contribute as well.

La existencia de bosques monodominantes sobre suelos bien drenados en regiones tropicales ha sido ampliamente reportada. Investigaciones recientes han sugerido que tales bosques son probablemente resultado de una combinación de factores ecológicos y evolutivos. Bajo condiciones de alta mortalidad de semillas y plántulas, la reproducción vegetativa podría crear una ventaja reproductiva llevando a la dominancia del bosque, pero también podría afectar profundamente la distribución de la variación genética en especies clonales. Investigamos estos efectos en un sitio de bosque con baja diversidad de especies en el Noreste de Costa Rica que es ampliamente dominado por la especie Pentaclethra macroloba, la cual retoña de la masa de raíces de árboles caídos y de troncos partidos. Examinamos la estructura poblacional de individuos juveniles de P. macroloba creciendo en diferentes tipos de suelo y a través de un gradiente de altitud. Utilizamos siete marcadores moleculares, genotipamos 173 Pentaclethra macroloba de 18 parcelas (seis en ciénagas y 12 en ambientes no cenagosos) ubicados en un gradiente de elevación entre 50-300m en las reservas adyacentes: Reserva Biológica Bijagual y Estación Biológica La Selva, en el centro de Costa Rica. Abordamos dos preguntas específicas: (1) ¿Qué tan extensa es la reproducción clonal? y (2) ¿Cuál es la distribución de diversidad y estructura genética? Encontramos que la reproducción clonal ocurrió exclusivamente dentro de áreas cenagosas inundadas. La estructura genética fue significativa en todas las parcelas (F ST=0.109). Observamos una estructura genética más alta entre poblaciones juveniles dentro de las ciénagas (F ST=0.128) comparada con poblaciones no cenagosas en parcelas a mayor altura (F ST=0.093), con mayor autocorrelación espacial en sitios no cenagosos en el intervalo entre 25 y 100m. La presencia de reproducción clonal no afectó significativamente las medidas de diversidad entre las dos áreas, que fueron generalmente bajas comparadas con otras especies de bosque tropical. El alto grado de estructura genética en general es novedoso para un árbol de bosque tropical. La incidencia de reproducción clonal es un factor que contribuye en la diferenciación genética, pero la alta estructura en parcelas sin reproducción clonal indica que otros factores están contribuyendo también.

Norethindrone-induced masculinization and progeny testing in guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters 1859).

Norethindrone(NE) was evaluated for its efficacy on alteration of sex ratio of P. reticulata. Either the young fry or the brooders and the resultant fry were fed a commercial diet incorporated with NE at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg kg-1 diet (ppm) for 30-40 d in rectangular glass aquaria; this was followed by 40-60 d rearing on NE-free diet in out-door concrete tanks. In general, the androgen treatment altered sex ratio, leading to the production of a dose dependent increase in the percentage of males. The oral administration of the steroid at 75 ppm for 40 d or 100 ppmfor 30 or 40 d to first feeding fry, yielded 100% males. On the other hand, NE administration to brooders before parturition and the resultant fry also produced an all-male population of guppy. The sex ratio of the untreated control was almost 1:1. The survival of fish in all the trials was high, ranging between 67 and 100%. Mating masculinized males (“XX” male) with normal female resulted in an all-female progeny, while crossing normal male (XY) from treatment groups with normal female sired normal sex ratio (1:1), elucidating XX-XY sex determination system in the guppy.

Incidência de endometrite citológica e desempenho reprodutivo em vacas de corte Nelore / Incidence of cytological endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance in Nelore beef cows

Avaliaram-se a incidência de endometrite citológica dos 29 aos 90 dias pós-parto e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas de corte Nelore submetidas a uma estação de monta (EM) de 90 dias. Foram utilizadas 49 matrizes Nelores, sem histórico de retenção de placenta, sem a presença de uma infecção uterina clínica, e com escore de condição corporal acima de 2,5. Realizou-se exame ultrassonográfico para avaliar a parede uterina e a atividade ovariana. O diagnóstico de endometrite citológica foi feito pela técnica de lavagem uterina, considerando-se caso de endometrite ≥5% de neutrófilos em cada lâmina. A incidência de endometrite citológica do rebanho foi de 22%, não diferindo entre as categorias analisadas (primíparas versus multíparas) (P>0,05), a taxa de concepção à primeira inseminação também foi semelhante entre primíparas versus multíparas (P>0,05), porém a taxa de gestação ao final da EM foi maior nas vacas multíparas (83,8%) quando comparadas às primíparas (50,0%) (P<0,05). A presença ou ausência da endometrite citológica não influenciou a taxa de concepção (P>0,05), tampouco a taxa de gestação ao final da EM (P>0,05). Conclui-se que o uso da citologia endometrial não se justifica como ferramenta de diagnóstico em vacas de corte Nelore.

Were evaluated the incidence of cytological endometritis from 29 to 90 days postpartum and its effect on the reproductive performance of Nelore beef cows submitted to a breeding season (BS) for 90 days. A total of 49 cows, with no history of retained placenta, without the presence of a clinic uterine infection, and with a body condition score above 2.5 were used. Ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate the uterine wall and ovarian activity. The cytological diagnosis of endometritis was done by uterine lavage, and endometritis was considering cases of ≥5% neutrophils in each blade. The incidence of cytological endometritis in the herd was 22%, and did not differ between the categories analyzed (primiparous versus multiparous) (P>0.05), and the conception rate for first insemination was also similar between primiparous versus multiparous (P>0.05). However, the pregnancy rate at the end of BS was higher in multiparous cows (83.8%) when compared to primiparous (50.0%) cows (P<0.05). The presence or absence of cytological endometritis did not influence the conception rate (P>0.05) nor pregnancy rate at the end of the BS (P>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of endometrial cytological cannot be justified as a diagnostic tool in Nelore beef cows.

Estudo do sistema de reprodução da fava-d'anta (Dimorphandra mollis Benth. ) / Determination of the reproductive system of fava-d'anta (Dimorphandra mollis Benth. )

Entre as plantas nativas de uso medicinal do Cerrado brasileiro encontra-se a fava-d'anta (Dimorphandra mollis Benth) com alto potencial econômico por possuir inúmeras potencialidades medicinais e fitoquímicas. A indústria extrai dos frutos os princípios ativos rutina, quercetina, e ramnose, dentre outros, usados na fabricação de medicamentos e cosméticos, principalmente no exterior. O conhecimento do sistema reprodutivo da espécie é fundamental para sua conservação e manejo. O presente trabalho objetivou determinar as características morfométricas das flores e caracterizar o sistema reprodutivo da D. mollis em área de Cerrado inalterada antropomorficamente, no município de Olhos D'água - MG. Para as características morfométricas, diâmetro da flor, comprimento da flor, do ovário, e da antera, foram utilizadas cinco flores em pré-antese. Para a determinação do sistema reprodutivo utilizou-se a razão pólen:óvulo (P:O), em 40 flores. As flores da D. mollis apresentaram comprimento da flor de 3,00 mm, diâmetro da flor de 2,00 mm, comprimento do óvulo de 2,60 mm, comprimento da antera de 1,57 mm, e o número de óvulos e de anteras foram 20 e 5,8, respectivamente. A razão P:O foi 765,030, sendo que esse índice não é afetado pelas características morfométricas. O sistema reprodutivo da D. mollis foi classificado como alógama facultativa.

Among the native medicinal plants of the Brazilian Cerrado, we can find the fava-d'anta (Dimorphandra mollis Benth) with a high economic potencial due to its numerous possivbilities for medicinal and phytochemical use. The industry extracts form the fruits the active ingredients rutin, quercetin and rhamnose, among others, used to manufacture medications and cosmetic products, especially abroad. Knowing the reproductive system of the species is important for its conservation and management. This study aimed to determine the morphometric characteristics of flowers and characterize the reproductive system of D. mollis in a Cerrado area that was anthropomorphically unchanged, in the municipality of Olhos D'água - MG. For the morphometric characteristics, flower diameter, length of the flower, of the ovary and the anther, five pre-anthesis flowers were used. To determine the reproductive system, the pollen:ovule (P:O) ratio was used in 40 flowers. The D. mollis flowers presented a flower length of 3.00 mm, flower diameter of 2.00 mm, ovule length of 2.60 mm, anthers length of 1.57 mm, and the number of anthers and ovules were 20 and 5.8, respectively. The P:O ratio was 765,030, and this index is not affected by the morphometric characteristics. The reproductive system of D. mollis was classified as facultative allogamous.

Morphological aspects of the ovaries of turtle Kinosternon scorpioides raised in captivity / Aspectos morfológicos dos ovários da tartaruga Kinosternon scorpioides criada em cativeiro

The swear turtle "jurará" (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a mud turtle of the Amazon region exposed to disordering capture in the rural areas of Maranhão, Brazil. Despite its popularity in these areas, little meaningful information regarding the reproductive morphology is currently available, fact that impedes the adoption of policies for preservation of the species. To obtain more information, we studied the ovarian morphology adult jurará females kept in captivity by morphological and morphometric analysis in the dry and rainy season. The results revealed that all females were sexually mature and were in a vitellogenic period. The ovaries are two irregular structures composed by follicles in different stages of development (primary, secondary and tertiary) scattered in a stroma of loose connective highly vascularized tissue. The ovary weight was 6.25±4.23g and 2.27±1.42g, for the right and left one respectively. The gonadosomatic indexes were 2.06% for the dry season and 1.79% for the rainy season. The average of the follicles was 29.83 units per ovary. Microscopically, the mature ovaries revealed a basal layer composed by four cellular layers: the inner and outer theca, stratum granulosum with perivitelline membrane and zona radiata with vitelline membrane. No significant differences were observed in the ovaries either in the dry or wet period.

O jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides) é um cágado da Região Amazônica que sofre com as capturas desordenadas nos interiores maranhenses e que apesar da sua popularidade nessas áreas, os dados relacionados à morfologia reprodutiva ainda são poucos esclarecedores, o que dificulta a adoção de medidas para preservação da espécie. Desta forma, caracterizou-se morfologicamente os ovários de fêmeas adultas de jurara oriundas de cativeiro através da análise morfológica e morfométrica em dois períodos do ano, seco e o chuvoso. Os resultados comprovaram que todas as fêmeas eram maduras sexualmente e se encontravam em período vitelogênico. Os ovários são duas estruturas irregulares constituídas por diversos folículos em desenvolvimento (primários, secundários e terciários) sobre um estroma de tecido conjuntivo frouxo ricamente vascularizado, com média de peso do direito e esquerdo respectivamente de 6,25±4,23g and 2,27±1,42g. Índices gonadossomáticos de 2,06% para o período seco e de 1,79% para o chuvoso. Média de folículos observados de 29,83 unidades por ovário. Histologicamente, os ovários maduros possuíam camada basal composta por quatro camadas celulares: as tecas externa e interna, o estrato granuloso com membrana perivitelínica e a zona radiata com membrana vitelínica. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas dos ovários entre os dois períodos estudados.

Detección del polimorfismo en el gen del receptor de melatonina (MT1) en la oveja criolla Araucana / Detection of MT1 melatonin receptor gene polymorphism (MT1) in the Araucana creole sheep

La melatonina es una hormona que regula los ciclos circadianos y muchos de los aspectos reproductivos de los mamíferos y es secretada por la glándula pineal en las horas de ausencia de luz. Esta hormona posee receptores de alta afinidad acoplados a proteínas de tipo G, denominados MT1. Un polimorfismo de la secuencia que codifica para estos receptores estaría involucrado en el control de la reproducción estacional de los ovinos. El propósito de este estudio busca determinar la presencia del polimorfismo del receptor MT1 en la oveja criolla Araucana, un ovino local en el que se ha registrado un corto anestro reproductivo. Para poder realizar este trabajo se utilizó la técnica denominada reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para polimorfismo en el tamaño de los fragmentos de restricción PCR-RFLP, para lo cual, se obtuvieron muestras de ADN genómico de 50 ovejas Araucanas, las cuales fueron digeridas con la endonucleasa de restricción Mnl1. Se logró identificar la presencia del polimorfismo del receptor MT1 en la oveja Araucana. Los genotipos se hallaron en una frecuencia de 68 por ciento para el genotipo +/+, 28 por ciento para el genotipo +/- y4 por ciento para el genotipo -/-. Este alto porcentaje de animales con genotipo +/+ podría explicar el corto anestro reproductivo que presenta esta raza.

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms and many of the reproductive aspects of mammals and is secreted by the pineal gland during the hours of absence of light. This hormone has high affinity receptors coupled to G-like proteins, termed MT1. A polymorphism of the sequence coding for these receptors was involved in the control of seasonal reproduction in sheep. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of MT1 receptor polymorphism in Araucana creole sheep, a local breed with a short reproductive anestrus. To carry out this work, we used a technique called polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment lengh polymorphism PCR-RFLP, for which samples were obtained from genomic DNA of 50 Araucana sheep, which were digested with Mnl1 restriction endonuclease. It was possible to identify the presence of MT1 receptor polymorphism in Araucana sheep. The genotypes were found in a genotype frequency of 68 percent for genotype + / +, 28 percent for genotype + / - y4 percent for genotype - / -. This high percentage of animals with genotype + / + could explain the short reproductive anestrus featuring this breed.

Sexual Dimorphism and deviation en the proportion of sexes in preimplantory embryos / Dimorfismo sexual y desviación en la proporción de los sexos en embriones preimplantatorios / Dimorfismo sexual e desvio na proporção dos sexos em embriõespré-implantatorios

Sexual differences in size and morphology are common in the animal kingdom and they have been mainly explained by sexual selection. According to classic theory of sexual determination and differentiation, the morphologic differences between the same specie individuals both different sex starts to show up soon after and as a consequence of the gonads formation and development. However, increasing evidence coincide in signaling that differences between males and females star to be evident long before of gonads formation, from preimplantatory stadium [week 1] or even from zygotic stadium [day 1]. Differences in kinetics of development and in energetic preimplantatory metabolism have been explained by genetic and epigenetic differences which underlie it and, in the case of get persistent, they can take them until disrupting the normal sex ratio. In this review about sexual dimorphism in preimplantatory embryos hypothesis, accumulated evidences and scenarios [in vivo e in vitro] are explored, as well as the last findings and possible changes that will have to be faced by the embryology.

Las diferencias sexuales en tamaño y morfología son comunes en el reino animal y se han explicado principalmente por la selección sexual. De acuerdo con la teoría clásica de la determinación y diferenciación sexual, las diferencias morfológicas entre individuos de la misma especie pero de diferente sexo se empiezan a manifestar poco después ycomo consecuencia de la formación y desarrollo de las gónadas. No obstante, evidencia creciente coincide en señalarque las diferencias entre machos y hembras se comienzan a manifestar mucho antes de la formación de las gónadas, desde el estado preimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde el estado cigótico [día 1]. Diferencias en la cinética dedesarrollo y en el metabolismo energético preimplantatorio han sido explicadas por diferencias genéticas y epigenéticas que les subyacen y que de persistir pueden llegar hasta afectar la normal proporción de los sexos. En la presente revisión sobre el dimorfismo sexual de embriones preimplantatorios se exploran las hipótesis, las evidencias acumuladas, los escenarios [in vivo e in vitro] y, a la luz de los últimos hallazgos, los posibles cambios que deberá enfrentar la embriología.

As diferenças sexuais no tamanho e morfologia são comuns no reino animal e foi explicado principalmente pelaseleção sexual. De acordo com a teoria clássica da determinação e diferencia sexual, as diferencias morfológicasentre indivíduos da mesma espécie, porém de diferente sexo começam a manifestar pouco depois e comoconsequência da formação e desenvolvimento das gônadas. Contudo, evidencia crescente coincide em assinalar que as diferenças entre machos e fêmeas começam a se manifestar muito antes da formação das gônadas, desde o estadopreimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde o estado cigótico [dia 1]. Diferenças na cinética de desenvolvimento e no metabolismo energético preimplantatorio foram explicadas por diferenças genéticas e epigenêticas que lhes segueme que de persistir podem chegar até em afetar a normal proporção dos sexos. Na presente revisão sobre o dimorfismosexual de embriões preimplantatorios são exploradas as seguintes hipóteses, as evidencias acumuladas, os cenários[in vivo e in vitro] e, à luz dos últimos descobrimentos, as possíveis mudanças que deverá enfrentar a embriologia.

Fatores de risco associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em ovinos e caprinos no estado de Pernambuco / Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats in Pernambuco, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a participação de Toxoplasma gondii em falhas reprodutivas em pequenos ruminantes de criatórios situados na Zona da Mata e no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco e que apresentavam histórico de distúrbios reprodutivos. Foram selecionadas 12 propriedades das quais se coletaram amostras de 262 animais, sendo 167 caprinos e 95 ovinos. Realizou-se a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, utilizando-se a técnica da Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Foram aplicados questionários investigativos nas propriedades visitadas para identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção. Em 100% das propriedades foram encontrados animais soropositivos. Para T. gondii, das 167 amostras de soro caprino analisadas, 31,7% foram positivas, enquanto que na espécie ovina, das 95 amostras, 16,9% foram positivas. Para a espécie ovina, não foram observadas associações significativas. Para os caprinos, houve associação significativa (p<0,05) para as variáveis: manejo intensivo (OR=2,40), exploração leiteira (OR=2,10), animais procedentes de outros estados (OR=7,89) e monta natural (OR=5,69). Conclui-se que a infecção pelo T. gondii encontra-se disseminada nos rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos estudados e que medidas sanitárias devem ser adotadas para controlar os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo.

This study was conducted to investigate the participation of Toxoplasma gondii in reproductive failure in small ruminants raised in the Litoral/ Zona da Mata and Agreste of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Twelve flocks were selected from which 262 samples were collected, 167 from goats and 95 from sheep. Indirect Imunofluorescent Antibody Reaction (IFA) technique was used to detect antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii. A questionnaire was applied in flocks to identify risk factors associated with infection. Positive animals were found in 100% of the farms. Among 167 samples of goat serum analyzed, 31.7% were positive, whereas from 95 samples of sheep, 16.9% were positive. Results of brucellosis tests were negative for 100% of analyzed samples. For sheep, no significant association was found; however, for goats, there was a significant association (p<0.05) for intensive handling (OR=2.40), milk exploration (OR=2.10), animals originating from other states (OR=7.89) and natural breeding (OR=5.69). It was concluded that infection for T. gondii is spread in studied goat and sheep flocks and that sanitary measures must be adopted to control risk factors for infection.

Science of breeding and heredity from ancient Persia to modern Iran.

About 1700 years BC, the prophet Zoroaster declared equal right for women and men to choose their “own ways.” There is much evidence that ancient Persians believed in the equal contribution of women and men toward producing a child, and all its hereditary characteristics. Even more surprising are the phrases in Vandidad book, which were gathered by Mobedans in the Mad dynasty about egg extraction (gametes) from animal reproductive organs (gonads) and their storage for future conception. Centuries later, Western philosopher beliefs in regard to reproduction were contrary to Persian knowledge. The Greek philosophers believed that man's water (semen) contains all human characteristics, and the female uterus is only responsible for nurturing and development of fetus. After detection of the ovum (de Graaf 2nd half 17 century) Malpigy proposed the preformation theory (ovist) which means there is a miniature human inside ovum, that grows after Semen has entered the uterus and grow into a well-developed fetus. This hypothesis was later delegated to spermatozoa. These contradictory and inappropriate beliefs were subject to discussions and dispute, until C.E. Wolf demonstrated that the embryo is a product of the fertilization of ovum by spermatozoa. 800 years prior this the sage Ferdowsi “The Great Iranian Poet” explains nicely the equal participation of man and woman in the production of the fetus and transmission of characters. After the renaissance and especially in recent years, tremendous achievements have been made in unraveling biological secrets of reproduction. There was no work o n genetics in Iran until 1936, when a genetic course was added to the biology curriculum in related colleges and universities; Iranian Genetics Society was founded in 1966, initiating a steady movement in this field. Although there was an inevitable gap during the revolution and war in our country, now there is great effort by researchers to eliminate the gap and bring us into the mainstream of world science, and development in biomedical sciences in the third millennium.

Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data

Morphological variants of Cichla temensis, readily differentiated by their striking color pattern differences, are found in several Amazon basin flood pulse river systems. The adult variants have at times been thought to represent different species or sexual dimorphism. A three part study was performed in two regions in Brazil (rio Igapó Açú and rio Caures) to elucidate the nature of the variants. In part one; selected diagnostic morphometric characters were compared intraspecifically among the variants and interspecifically with C. monoculus and C. orinocensis. All of the C. temensis variants were found to differ significantly from their sympatric congeners while not differing among each other. In part two, mitochondrial DNA samples were compared intraspecifically among the variants and interspecifically with their sympatric congeners. There were no diagnostic molecular synapomorphies that would unambiguously distinguish the variants and all C. temensis variants were clearly diagnosable and divergent from their sympatric congeners. In part three, color pattern variation in both sexes was compared to a gonadosomatic index (GSI). A significant correlation between color pattern variation and gonadosomatic index was found. The results of this study demonstrate that Cichla temensis variants are confirmed to be members of a single species and that the variation does not represent a sexual dimorphism. The color pattern variation is a cyclically occurring secondary sexual characteristic and is indicative of the specific degree of an individual's seasonal sexual maturation.

Variantes morfológicas de Cichla temensis, facilmente diferenciados por seus padrões de coloração marcantes, são encontrados em vários rios do sistema de inundação da várzea da bacia Amazônica. Variantes dos indivíduos adultos têm sido cogitados como pertencerem a uma diferente espécie ou apresentarem dimorfismo sexual. Um estudo em três etapas foi realizado em duas regiões no Brasil (rio Igapó Açú e rio Caures) para elucidar a natureza desta variação. Na primeira parte, caracteres morfométricos diagnósticos foram comparados intraespecificamente entre os variantes e interespecificamente com C. monoculus e C. orinocensis. Todos os variantes de C. temensis apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparados com seus congêneres simpátricos enquanto não diferiram entre si. Na segunda parte, sequências de DNA mitocondrial foram comparadas intraespecificamente entre os variantes e interespeficamente com seus congêneres simpátricos. Não houve sinapomorfias moleculares diagnósticas para diferenciar inequivocamente os variantes e todos os variantes de C. temensis foram claramente divergentes de seus congêneres simpátricos. Na terceira parte, a variação no padrão de cor em ambos os sexos foi comparado ao índice gonadossomático (GSI). Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre a variação na coloração e o índice gonadossomático. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que os variantes em Cichla temensis são membros de uma única espécie e que a variação não representa um dimorfismo sexual. A variação no padrão de cor é uma característica sexual secundária que ocorre em ciclos, sendo um indicativo do grau de maturação sexual sazonal dos indivíduos.

Reproductive failures associated with antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in goats in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil / Falhas reprodutivas associadas com a presença de do vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina, Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em caprinos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed at assessing the occurrence of antibodies against the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, as well as the associations between the presence of antibodies and the occurrence of reproductive failures in goats. Serum samples were collected from 923 goats of both sexes, over 3 months of age, from 17 dairy farms located in different municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil. Infections by T. gondii, N. caninum and CAEV were evaluated by indirect methods of diagnosis based on indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), Neospora agglutination test (NAT), and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), respectively. A survey was conducted on the farms to obtain information about reproduction dates (abortions, stillbirths and births of weak and premature kids) and zoosanitary management. Antibodies against CAEV, T. gondii and N. caninum was found in 37.81%, 23.62% and 17.23% respectively. There was no significant association between the presence of anti-CAEV antibodies and CAEV/T. gondii or CAEV/N. caninum co-infection, suggesting that CAEV does not predispose goats to infection by these agents. However, when CAEV/T. gondii (p<0.01) or CAEV/N. caninum (p<0.001) co-infection was present, the occurrence of reproductive failures was significantly higher what could indicate that CAEV-induced immunosuppression may predispose goats to develop the clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis increasing the risks of the reproductive failures.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos para o vírus da atrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV), Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum e de possíveis associações entre a presença de anticorpos e a ocorrência de problemas reprodutivos em caprinos. Para tanto, foram colhidas amostras sangüíneas de 923 caprinos de ambos os sexos, acima de três meses de idade e oriundos de 17 propriedades leiteiras, de diferentes municípios do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os diagnósticos para T. gondii, N. caninum e CAEV foram baseados, respectivamente, na reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), teste de aglutinação para Neospora (NAT) e a imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Um inquérito epidemiológico foi aplicado nas propriedades para obtenção de informações sobre dados reprodutivos (abortamentos, natimortalidade e nascimentos de filhotes fracos e prematuros) e de manejo zoossanitário. As ocorrências de anticorpos foram de 37,81% para CAEV, de 23,62% para T. gondii e de 17,23% para N. caninum. Não houve associação significativa entre a presença de anticorpos anti-CAEV e co-infecção com T. gondii ou N. caninum, sugerindo que o CAEV não predispõe os caprinos à infecção por estes agentes. Entretanto, quando havia, nas fazendas, animais com co-infecção pelo CAEV e T. gondii (p<0,01) ou CAEV e N. caninum (p<0,001) as ocorrências de falhas reprodutivas foram significativamente maiores, sugerindo que a imunossupressão causada pelo CAEV pode predispor os caprinos ao desenvolvimento de sintomas clínicos da toxoplasmose e neosporose, potencializando os riscos da ocorrência de problemas reprodutivos causados por estas enfermidades.